HONORS 195: Rhetoric of Impeachment; Fall, 1999, John Dewey Honors Program, College of Arts & Sciences, University of Vermont
Alfred C. Snider, Edwin W. Lawrence Professor of Forensics
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As one of the most powerful African American women in American politics today, Maxine Waters yields respect from both her allies and adversaries. (Dowd 8/22/83) As a member of the House of Representatives, who holds great command, Ms. Waters has a obligation, one might say a calling, to truly serve her constituency, to fight their struggles, to raise consciousness regarding the state of American society today, and to lend her constituency hope.
Ms. Waters represents the 35th district of California, a region of California that encompasses the infamous South Central Los Angeles, that was brought to the attention of the Nation, during the 1992 LA Riots, which Ms. Waters quickly defends as a revolution. (Southgate, 12/13/93) Her district, which is predominantly African American, has suffered from years of urban decay, unemployment is high, families are poor, drugs are abundant, and violence has become a normal everyday occurrence. In such dire conditions, Ms. Waters has come forward as a champion for"her people,"as she affectionately refers to her constituency. Essentially, as a congresswoman, she has made Black America her agenda. She has set this Agenda as her number one priority, which became abundantly clear in the recent Impeachment hearings in Congress. As Ms. Waters' says,"I don't have time to be polite,"and she certainly does not have time to waste on an impeachment process, that has little to with law but more to do with partisan revenge.
Although Waters is clearly dedicated to the African American community, her advocacy for her community undoubtedly provides a voice, to some extent, to all oppressed groups in our society, women, children, the poor and other minority populations. The recent publicity brought to the judiciary committee due to the Presidential Impeach, a committee on which Waters' serves, cast her into the lime light, given her a platform to state her agenda, her concerns, and to point out the skewed set of priorities that exists in American Politics today.
Maxine Waters is not a naÔve woman, she has seen and she has felt the painful hand of oppression. The hand of oppression has laid it's wrath upon her and her constituency, America's minorities, particularly African Americans, with such force that the blow, be it the pain, the social inequality, the outright disrespect for humanity that blacks in the country have experienced, may have inflicted a lifelong scar. The vast injustice that the African American community has felt, since the moment the first African was placed in chains in brought to this country has been nothing but a travesty, that has and will undoubtedly plague this nation for decades, if not centuries to come. Such circumstances have ignited a passion in Congresswoman Maxine Waters, that have led her to a life of commitment to her people, our nation's minorities, and to reforming our political system, our ideology, our society.
There are many of us who are disillusioned by the American Political system, over the years we have become increasingly cynical, viewing politicians as extensions of Corporate America, the good OLE boys from the South and the Eastern Elite. For such politicians, politics itself was a life long destiny, full of ambition, finesse, and struggle for power, yet a severe lack of heart. As my dear friend Maria Corrao, once said,
"politicians should not choose the occupation of politician, rather
they should be individuals dedicated to a cause and thus use
political positions as a means of working towards that cause."
Like Ms. Corrao, Maxine Waters' tenor as politician is simply a vessel to navigate her to a far greater end than some of her congressional colleagues have demonstrated.
In 1998 the media was radically dominated by the Impeachment of William Jefferson Clinton, an event that essentially clouded all other occurrences in the Nation and placed other social issues and newsworthy topics on the backburner. Undoubtedly, the impeachment of our national leader is of utmost concern to the American public, but if the vast majority of media time is dedicated to such circumstances, other social problems go neglected. This state of events thoroughly outraged Ms. Waters, as her constituency's agenda went spurned. For Ms. Waters, as she summarizes in the following remarks, the impeachment proceedings overwhelmed what our legislatures true agenda should be, which she reflected on House floor during the recent impeachment process.
Mr. Speaker, the Members of the Congressional Black
Caucus have constantly warned this body about the dangers
of the prosecutor run amok. They have warned the body
about the abuse of the power of the majority. We remind our
colleagues of the history of our people who have struggled
against injustice and unfairness. Let us not march backwards;
let us be wise enough to move forward and spend our precious
time working on the issues of education, health care, senior
citizens, children and the final analysis, Mr. Speaker, justice,
and opportunity for all Americans.
(Rep. Waters 10/8/99, Pp. H10022)
As described by the ABC's Peter Jennings, Maxine Waters is"a Woman who simply will not go unheard."(Waters, 1999) Her fiery speeches and harsh accusations of racism and sexism of U.S. officials, is quick to draw in a crowd. Her"no-nonsense, no holds-barred style of politics,"(Biographical Sketches, 1999) drew in national attention even before Ms.Waters stepped onto the House floor. Her tactics and style which has been deemed by the New Republic as"a brand of political theater that sometimes crosses the line from outlandish to out of order,"(Nordlinger, 1/25/99) gaining her nation wide attention. Her critics contend that, Max the Mouth, as she has come to be known over the years, spends much of her time only"speechifying rather than legislating or negotiating."(Gearey 6/30/97) While others argue that she has passed some to the boldest legislation California had ever seen. (Biographphical Sketches, 1999)
Without a doubt there are many who will criticize her, but regardless of her radical remarks, outlandish behavior and the depressed conditions of her district, her constituents love her. They love her style, and what they consider to be the deep empathy she feels for her people. Perhaps, the critics are right, she does spend more time"speechifying,"rather than"legislating,"but perhaps success is not measured in the laws she passes, but rather the consciousness she raises. Her praise and approval are continually reinforced at the ballot boxes.
In fact, Ms. Water's seat in Congress is considered by many to be one of the most secure seats in the nation, with her constituency strongly behind her. In her most recent election in 1998, Congresswoman Waters pulled in approximately 89% of the vote in her race against opponent Gordon Michael Mego. (Barone, 1999)
Like a thorn in ones side, often Maxine's candid comments are not welcome by America's policy makers. Yet it is the congressional floor that Ms. Waters has built her platform on, and her voters intend to keep her there, so congress is just going to have to grin and bare it.
Although Ms. Waters receives high ratings from her district and seems to defend rather noble causes such as equality and social justice, there are still many, both Democrats and Republicans, who dislike her, her politics and her tactics. Her critics complain that her outspokenness on issues such as conspiracy theories, regarding the CIA's involvement with drug distribution in Los Angeles, and her aptness to play the race card weaken the Democratic parties ability to wield real influence in Washington. After being named co-chairman of Clinton's national campaign, she quickly came out to the public, calling Former President George Bush a"racist"in a speech in front of the National Press Club. (Gearey, 6/30/97)
For some her overt Minority agenda and her fanatical views have swung a bit too far left on the political pendulum for the liking of most Democrats, in a political arena that has been racing towards the middle. As one critic put it,"Whether she means to or not, she is working against the goal of Democratic renewal. While her conspiracy theories may drive up her approval ratings in South Central, they make her look like a nut in Peoria."(Gearey, 6/30/97)
Whether the critic's statement is valid or not is irrelevant, for Ms. Waters agenda is not to enhance the Democratic Party, but rather to enhance the wellbeing of those who are oppressed in our society. In politics we are often faced with choosing the lesser evil, Democrats or Republicans. Clearly, the beliefs of the Democrats, a party which has traditionally defended social networks of support, were more conducive to Ms. Waters' agenda, than most views of the Republican Party, but this does not make Congresswoman Waters a die hard member of the democratic party. In fact, in the most recent presidential election, Representative Waters stated,"This is the last time I support an all white anything,"(Barone, 1999) refusing to endorse any Democratic ticket in the 2000 election that had neither a black or a woman on it.
Her bold remarks and sensationalism on the floor certainly grab the press's attention, but her quick, poignant, and often-charged dialogue, leaves many whites feeling alienated. Representative Waters is quick to draw lines in the sand; she tends to other individuals. In the following excerpt, Republican Cathie Wright of Simi Valley, who served with Waters for fourteen years on the California Assembly, discusses Maxine Waters' accusations of racism:
The problem I have with her are her accusations that we were racists
but she wasn't. She always assumed that everything you said was
because you were white and she was black...Whenever Republicans
disagreed with her, she said we took the position because we were
racists. (Johnson, H. 9/14/92)
Such sentiments leave many whites feeling alienated. Although her statements may be justified they may indeed hurt her political pursuits. Such disassociation may come back to haunt her later as she tries to push through legislation. There will be some that will argue that essentially talk is cheap, and though her vindictive words may express valid outrage and abuse they may not deliver the government aid, her constituents badly need.
The financial assistance and social programs that could enhance the lives of her constituency no doubt weighed heavily on Representative Waters' mind during the impeachment hearing. During the impeachment, Ms. Waters focused on the obscene amount of money and time spent on this investigation, and the innocent bystanders that have been affected by the Independent Counsels investigation;
This a sad and painful time for all of us. The least we can do is
handle this matter with dignity and fairness for everyone involved.
Four and one half years, $40million. Unnecessary Subpoenas of
uninvolved individuals. (Rep. Waters, 10/8/98, p H10022)
As stated above, four and one half years of investigation were devoted to the issue of impeachment. (Rep. Waters, 10/8/98) Four and one half years that could have been spent investigating welfare reform, head start programs, the affects of affirmative action, or the environmental impacts of global warming, time that could have been reallocated in a way to truly benefit the American people. Over forty million dollars was spent in investigating the president. (Rep. Waters, 10/8/98) Forty million dollars that could have been reallocated to build new schools in poverty stricken areas such as South Central LA, Forty million dollars that could have helped to rebuild the homes and businesses destroyed in the LA rebellion, forty million dollars that could have put shoes on barefoot children and roofs over the heads of the homeless. Is it any wonder that Maxine Waters was appalled with the proceedings?
The time and money squandered on the Impeachment proceedings, was simply time spent on hypocrisy, an element of the trial that Ms. Waters points out over and over again. Time was spent reversing the very basic rights, and dignity that all American citizens should enjoy. The president of the United States, one of the most powerful individuals in the world, was striped of his rights, caught up in a tangled web of hypocrisy as demonstrated in the following remarks.
Hopefully, what I will try and do is show the contradictions that exist
between what this Chairman is stating now and what he stated about
perjury and lying in 1987, when he headed up the committee dealing
with Iran-Contra. It is such a stark contrast. (Federal Information
Systems Corp. 12/7/98, p. 4)
During a later hearing Ms. Waters states;
The same Members of Congress who defended the lies and illegal
actions of Presidents Reagan and Bush now want President
Clinton's head for what they consider lying about his private
sexual affair. This double standard would be laughable if it were not
a serious constitutional abuse. Where were the cries for
impeachment when Presidents Reagan and Bush repeatedly lied to
the office of independent counsel, Congress and the American
people? (US House, 12/1/98, p. 35)
Ms. Waters did find our president guilty, but not for impeachable offenses.
Rather the president is guilty of being a populist leader who opened
up government and access to the poor, to minorities, to women and
to the working class. President Bill Clinton is guilty of not being
owned by the good ole southern boys or the good ole eastern
establishment. Mr. Speaker, President Clinton is guilty of being
smart enough to outmaneuver the Republicans in the budget
negotiations, electoral politics and the development and
implementation of the people's agenda.
(Rep. Waters, 12/18/ 98, p. H11798)
Throughout the hearings, Ms. Waters attempts to position herself of the valiant defender of truth and justice, while clumping the likes of Henry Hyde, Kenneth Star, the Christian Coalition, and the rest of the good OLE boys into one giant vast right wing conspiracy. As some critiques suggest,"She spent most of 1998 reviling Kenneth Starr and propping up Clinton, interpreting the effort to impeach him as (yes) an attack on black America."(Nordlinger 1/25/99) For if the President's basic rights are not safe, to reiterate no one's are.
Some may argue that conditions for African-American's have improved over the recent decades. Certainly, society has seen the destruction Jim Crow laws, has seen the courts pass laws desegregating our schools, the government has implemented affirmative action policies, and we may view such actions as progress. Yet when we look across America it becomes apparent that we are still not a society of equals. Our high school history textbooks would have us believe that we are a middle class society, but a closer analysis would disclose that in fact we are an extremely stratified society, with African Americans and other minorities overly represented in the lowest tears. Suppose for the moment that we did not blame racism for such unequal distribution of wealth, even so how are minorities truly to be free, to be empowered when they have not yet been able to attain the bare necessitates of life. Under such conditions there are few voices enabled enough to speak out against such impression, Maxine Waters does just this.
Ms. Waters discourse clearly conveys, that her status as an African American Women, who has come from a poor community, offers insight that much of the political system has over looked. Such insight distinguishes her, or elevates her from the dominant political community. As she said during the Impeachment judiciary hearings;
Mr. Speaker, I am an African American woman. I am accustomed to
having to fight and struggle for fairness and justice. Ken Starr, I
know and recognized abuse of power when I see it; he is guilty.
However, I am greatly disappointed in the raw, unmasked, unbridled
hatred and meanness that drives this impeachment coup d'etat, the
unapologetic disregard for the voice of the people.
(Rep. Waters 12/18/98, p h11798)
Here again, she notes that these proceedings are not benefiting the people, or her people.
Statements such as those cited above, have won over her constituency, they believe she is sincere in her actions and her motives. Her constituency assumes a connection exists between themselves and their congresswoman. The African American community identifies with her discourse, with her character, and ultimately they draw hope from her words. In a sense, it is appropriate to label aspects of her discourse as a narrative dramatic, for as stated in the article written by Campbell, the narrative-dramatic"assumes that the vicarious sharing of integrally related experiences is essential to understanding a concept or situation."(p. 16) As Compton Councilwoman Patricia Moore said:
There is no other female politician in the world comparable
to Maxine Waters and her effectiveness for her people. She
makes every individual take note that we are her people and
that African-Americans are of great and significant value to
this country. She is a powerhouse, a dynamo, and a very
nurturing and caring woman who is a leader for us all. (Collier 10/92)
Her constituency is able to place their trust in her; they have seen time and time again, her refusal to sell out to the white male capitalist establishment. In example, during the Los Angeles riots that occurred in 1992, the media reinforced negative stereotypes of the African American population, by portraying them as violent irrational actors whom had little respect for order or the sanctity of life. Ms. Waters would not stand for such portrayal's, she refused to be a puppet of the dominant society.
"People want to know why I'm not saying exactly what they want me
to say. They want me to walk out in Watts, like black people did in
the Sixties, and say, 'Cool it, baby, cool it.' Well, I'm sorry the fact
of the matter is, whether we like it or not, riot is the voice of the
unheard."(Southgate 12/13/93)
She later expressed her further sympathy and understanding of the charged situation. Her defense of her constituency were echoed in the National Review when Ms. Waters ferociously attacked the U.S. Government, holding them responsible for as she put it for"the economic, social, cultural and political factors"responsible for the urban crisis (the LA Riots of 1992); as she expressed her utmost sympathy for gangs and rioters involved and what she prefers to call a revolution. Such empathy becomes crystal clear as she disagreed with her colleague, Los Angeles Mayor Tom Bradley's characterization of the 1992 rioters as"hoodlums and thugs."
These were mothers who took this as an opportunity to take some
milk, to take some bread, to take some shoes.... One lady said her
children didn't have any shoes. She just saw those shoes there...
God Damn it! It was such a tearjerker. I might have gone in and
taken them for her myself."(Nordlinger 1/25/99)
Ms. Waters clearly is a bias individual, its undeniable, she represents the black community, she speaks for the black community, and she will bend over backwards for her community. However, in defending the African American community, Representative Waters is defending all oppressed peoples and even the dominant society. Her vicious attacks on the Republican Party during the Impeachment hearings, had less to do with her own partisanship, than it did with her own values that she believed would benefit her constituency. In defending the basic rights of President Clinton, she was defending her constituency's rights, and in fact all of our rights. For if the President of the United States rights are so easily violated, truly none of us our safe, particularly those individuals, such as African Americans, who are often already treated as second class citizens. Hence Maxine simply, does not have time to be polite.
According to Edwin Black,"We are compelled t believe in the existence of relationships between man's deepest motives and his discourses."(1965, p26) While such a notion might seem a bit romantic, a brief examination of Ms. Waters' life, seems to suggest that her discourse and motives are intrinsically connected. Maxine Waters, is not stranger to poverty, she herself was never sheltered the ills of the urban decay or the effects of degenerate system of social services that our society has deemed Welfare.
Born the fifth of 13 children, Maxine Waters was raised by her single mother in a St. Louis housing project. At the tender age of thirteen she began working in factories to help support her family and later ended up working in segregated restaurants. (Waters, 1999) Like all of us, we are shaped by our childhood; the pain and knowledge afflicted or bestowed upon us during those influential years follow us through out our lives. Such a background has allowed Maxine Waters to have an understanding of her constituency, that many of her fellow legislators on Capital Hill lack.
If you come from an upper-middle-class background where you
haven't seen poverty, where you have not seen obstacles to
opportunity, where you have not had to fight against violence and
all these things, then you take off and you run to where you think
you can get away.
She goes on to say
But when you come from the kind of background that I've come from
you just have to fight to make this better. If you can't walk to school
one way because it's too violent, you find another way to walk to
school. You don't say, I'm not going to that school, I'm going to take
my bags and run, I'm going to private school. If you are beaten up by
somebody every day and you've got to fight, you find a way either to
avoid that person or fight them.
So I guess my life experiences say, no matter how difficult Los Angeles
maybe, I don't have the luxury or the right to talk about leaving it or that
it's somebody else's problem. It's my problem, and I have a
responsibility to make it better and to try to make it better for everybody.
(Southgate 12/13/93)
Statements such as the one above, appeal directly to the folks living in the inner city, or in other distraught areas of the country. Ms. Waters' attempt to communicate that her life to some degree mirrors her constituencies, she sympathizes, and she's been there and she can offer them hope. Such rhetoric is no doubt appealing to her constituency. However there are some that will be skeptical, for Ms. Waters is no longer in the same boat as the average citizen of the 35th district of California is. Ms. Waters' is the type of woman that the media loves to use as an example of the so call"good African American"who despite all odds, pulls herself up from the deep pit of poverty and despair, and essentially lives the American Dream. She is not a single mother who is eternally tied against her will to the welfare system, she has escaped the vicious cycle of poverty, she has attended college, earned her degree. She does not live in the Ghetto, nor does she spend the majority of her time worrying about how to make ends meet. Rather she's married to Sidney Williams, a former pro football player, and U.S. Ambassador to the Bahamas, who sells Mercedes Benz's in Beverly Hills. Ms. Waters enjoys a comfortable life; she is considered one of the most powerful women in America. As fate that so many African Americans will never even come close to enjoying.
Surely there are those critics who will fear, that over time Ms. Waters will eventually conform to the white, capitalist, patriarchy that exists in society, that its lure will be too tempting. However, for the moment, it appears that Ms. Waters does identify with her constituency. Regardless of the prestige she gains, or the power she yields, she will never be able to her erase the color of her skin, her sex, or her childhood, she is eternally caught at the intersection of race, gender and class.
As an advocate for Black America, Representative Waters has certainly been successful. Her message has been well distributed to the public. Even during a period when the media was engulfed in a political sex scandal, Ms. Waters managed to incorporate her own political agenda for the African American Community into the rhetoric of the Impeachment.
It is often difficult to measure success. Often in our society we measure success through economics, material worth. So one may measure the success of Maxine Waters as a Rhetorician, based on the financial gains made by the black community since her tenor in congress began. Certainly, African Americans on average are still not earning what White Americans earn. The 35th district of California's median income is still well below the national average at $25,281. (Barone, 1999) Whether or not African Americans have made sizable gains since Ms. Waters entered politics is also debatable.
So it seems that perhaps the success of Ms. Waters as a rhetorician advocating for the advancement of black America, should not be measured in fiscal gains, but rather in raised consciousness. Even if she is doing damage to the Democratic Party, frankly she could care less, they, the Democrats, are all too intimidated by her to speak out against her. (Gearey 6/30/97)
They're scared because she speaks the brutal truth. She is not sugar coated, she does not worry about tact, if someone is guilty of striking a blow against America's minorities, she will call the individual on it. For an electorate that has grown increasingly cynical of their politicians over the last three decades, Ms. Waters' presence on Capital Hill should be taken as a breath of fresh air. She has no hidden agenda, she does not pretend to be unbiased, she is an advocate for the oppressed, the forgotten, the unheard.
As a controversial figure, Ms. Waters will undoubtedly have a hard time building strong alliances in Congress, for she simply will not bend. However, she will serve as long as she remains in congress and assuredly for the rest of her life, a voice for her people. Clearly the Impeachment proceedings did distract from her ability to focus on her agenda, but rather than allowing such proceedings to silence her, she used them as a means of conveying her message, to an audience that perhaps did not pay attention to American politics before.
Too often it is easy to forget about what we can not see. As white flight continues to persist throughout our society, individuals will become increasingly distant from the despair that plagues the inner city and much of the African American community. Ms. Waters will serve as a constant reminder to all of us. Often it is painful, to confront the oppression that we ourselves contribute to, it is no wonder that congress is threatened by her. She forces individuals to face the dark side, to be held accountable for their own actions.
Essentially, oppression hurts all of us. We all suffer from poverty, whether we are drowning in it, or floating high above it. If success is measured in the lessons one teaches society, is success is measured it embracing truth, over denial, if success is measured in continuing to fight when the odds are stacked against you. Than as a rhetorician Maxine Waters is an outstanding success. The African American community, knows who their champion is, they will stand behind her, reelect her, and motivate her to keep on fighting the good fight. Ms. Corrao may rest assured that Maxine Waters' political rhetoric is not absent of heart, rather it is a means to a greater end.
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